Theory HOL.Zorn

(*  Title:       HOL/Zorn.thy
    Author:      Jacques D. Fleuriot
    Author:      Tobias Nipkow, TUM
    Author:      Christian Sternagel, JAIST

Zorn's Lemma (ported from Larry Paulson's Zorn.thy in ZF).
*)

section ‹Zorn's Lemma and the Well-ordering Theorem›

theory Zorn
  imports Order_Relation Hilbert_Choice
begin

subsection ‹Zorn's Lemma for the Subset Relation›

subsubsection ‹Results that do not require an order›

text ‹Let ‹P› be a binary predicate on the set ‹A›.›
locale pred_on =
  fixes A :: "'a set"
    and P :: "'a ⇒ 'a ⇒ bool"  (infix "⊏" 50)
begin

abbreviation Peq :: "'a ⇒ 'a ⇒ bool"  (infix "⊑" 50)
  where "x ⊑ y ≡ P⇧=⇧= x y"

text ‹A chain is a totally ordered subset of ‹A›.›
definition chain :: "'a set ⇒ bool"
  where "chain C ⟷ C ⊆ A ∧ (∀x∈C. ∀y∈C. x ⊑ y ∨ y ⊑ x)"

text ‹
  We call a chain that is a proper superset of some set ‹X›,
  but not necessarily a chain itself, a superchain of ‹X›.
›
abbreviation superchain :: "'a set ⇒ 'a set ⇒ bool"  (infix "<c" 50)
  where "X <c C ≡ chain C ∧ X ⊂ C"

text ‹A maximal chain is a chain that does not have a superchain.›
definition maxchain :: "'a set ⇒ bool"
  where "maxchain C ⟷ chain C ∧ (∄S. C <c S)"

text ‹
  We define the successor of a set to be an arbitrary
  superchain, if such exists, or the set itself, otherwise.
›
definition suc :: "'a set ⇒ 'a set"
  where "suc C = (if ¬ chain C ∨ maxchain C then C else (SOME D. C <c D))"

lemma chainI [Pure.intro?]: "C ⊆ A ⟹ (⋀x y. x ∈ C ⟹ y ∈ C ⟹ x ⊑ y ∨ y ⊑ x) ⟹ chain C"
  unfolding chain_def by blast

lemma chain_total: "chain C ⟹ x ∈ C ⟹ y ∈ C ⟹ x ⊑ y ∨ y ⊑ x"
  by (simp add: chain_def)

lemma not_chain_suc [simp]: "¬ chain X ⟹ suc X = X"
  by (simp add: suc_def)

lemma maxchain_suc [simp]: "maxchain X ⟹ suc X = X"
  by (simp add: suc_def)

lemma suc_subset: "X ⊆ suc X"
  by (auto simp: suc_def maxchain_def intro: someI2)

lemma chain_empty [simp]: "chain {}"
  by (auto simp: chain_def)

lemma not_maxchain_Some: "chain C ⟹ ¬ maxchain C ⟹ C <c (SOME D. C <c D)"
  by (rule someI_ex) (auto simp: maxchain_def)

lemma suc_not_equals: "chain C ⟹ ¬ maxchain C ⟹ suc C ≠ C"
  using not_maxchain_Some by (auto simp: suc_def)

lemma subset_suc:
  assumes "X ⊆ Y"
  shows "X ⊆ suc Y"
  using assms by (rule subset_trans) (rule suc_subset)

text ‹
  We build a set \<^term>‹𝒞› that is closed under applications
  of \<^term>‹suc› and contains the union of all its subsets.
›
inductive_set suc_Union_closed ("𝒞")
  where
    suc: "X ∈ 𝒞 ⟹ suc X ∈ 𝒞"
  | Union [unfolded Pow_iff]: "X ∈ Pow 𝒞 ⟹ ⋃X ∈ 𝒞"

text ‹
  Since the empty set as well as the set itself is a subset of
  every set, \<^term>‹𝒞› contains at least \<^term>‹{} ∈ 𝒞› and
  \<^term>‹⋃𝒞 ∈ 𝒞›.
›
lemma suc_Union_closed_empty: "{} ∈ 𝒞"
  and suc_Union_closed_Union: "⋃𝒞 ∈ 𝒞"
  using Union [of "{}"] and Union [of "𝒞"] by simp_all

text ‹Thus closure under \<^term>‹suc› will hit a maximal chain
  eventually, as is shown below.›

lemma suc_Union_closed_induct [consumes 1, case_names suc Union, induct pred: suc_Union_closed]:
  assumes "X ∈ 𝒞"
    and "⋀X. X ∈ 𝒞 ⟹ Q X ⟹ Q (suc X)"
    and "⋀X. X ⊆ 𝒞 ⟹ ∀x∈X. Q x ⟹ Q (⋃X)"
  shows "Q X"
  using assms by induct blast+

lemma suc_Union_closed_cases [consumes 1, case_names suc Union, cases pred: suc_Union_closed]:
  assumes "X ∈ 𝒞"
    and "⋀Y. X = suc Y ⟹ Y ∈ 𝒞 ⟹ Q"
    and "⋀Y. X = ⋃Y ⟹ Y ⊆ 𝒞 ⟹ Q"
  shows "Q"
  using assms by cases simp_all

text ‹On chains, \<^term>‹suc› yields a chain.›
lemma chain_suc:
  assumes "chain X"
  shows "chain (suc X)"
  using assms
  by (cases "¬ chain X ∨ maxchain X") (force simp: suc_def dest: not_maxchain_Some)+

lemma chain_sucD:
  assumes "chain X"
  shows "suc X ⊆ A ∧ chain (suc X)"
proof -
  from ‹chain X› have *: "chain (suc X)"
    by (rule chain_suc)
  then have "suc X ⊆ A"
    unfolding chain_def by blast
  with * show ?thesis by blast
qed

lemma suc_Union_closed_total':
  assumes "X ∈ 𝒞" and "Y ∈ 𝒞"
    and *: "⋀Z. Z ∈ 𝒞 ⟹ Z ⊆ Y ⟹ Z = Y ∨ suc Z ⊆ Y"
  shows "X ⊆ Y ∨ suc Y ⊆ X"
  using ‹X ∈ 𝒞›
proof induct
  case (suc X)
  with * show ?case by (blast del: subsetI intro: subset_suc)
next
  case Union
  then show ?case by blast
qed

lemma suc_Union_closed_subsetD:
  assumes "Y ⊆ X" and "X ∈ 𝒞" and "Y ∈ 𝒞"
  shows "X = Y ∨ suc Y ⊆ X"
  using assms(2,3,1)
proof (induct arbitrary: Y)
  case (suc X)
  note * = ‹⋀Y. Y ∈ 𝒞 ⟹ Y ⊆ X ⟹ X = Y ∨ suc Y ⊆ X›
  with suc_Union_closed_total' [OF ‹Y ∈ 𝒞› ‹X ∈ 𝒞›]
  have "Y ⊆ X ∨ suc X ⊆ Y" by blast
  then show ?case
  proof
    assume "Y ⊆ X"
    with * and ‹Y ∈ 𝒞› subset_suc show ?thesis
      by fastforce
  next
    assume "suc X ⊆ Y"
    with ‹Y ⊆ suc X› show ?thesis by blast
  qed
next
  case (Union X)
  show ?case
  proof (rule ccontr)
    assume "¬ ?thesis"
    with ‹Y ⊆ ⋃X› obtain x y z
      where "¬ suc Y ⊆ ⋃X"
        and "x ∈ X" and "y ∈ x" and "y ∉ Y"
        and "z ∈ suc Y" and "∀x∈X. z ∉ x" by blast
    with ‹X ⊆ 𝒞› have "x ∈ 𝒞" by blast
    from Union and ‹x ∈ X› have *: "⋀y. y ∈ 𝒞 ⟹ y ⊆ x ⟹ x = y ∨ suc y ⊆ x"
      by blast
    with suc_Union_closed_total' [OF ‹Y ∈ 𝒞› ‹x ∈ 𝒞›] have "Y ⊆ x ∨ suc x ⊆ Y"
      by blast
    then show False
    proof
      assume "Y ⊆ x"
      with * [OF ‹Y ∈ 𝒞›] ‹y ∈ x› ‹y ∉ Y› ‹x ∈ X› ‹¬ suc Y ⊆ ⋃X› show False
        by blast
    next
      assume "suc x ⊆ Y"
      with ‹y ∉ Y› suc_subset ‹y ∈ x› show False by blast
    qed
  qed
qed

text ‹The elements of \<^term>‹𝒞› are totally ordered by the subset relation.›
lemma suc_Union_closed_total:
  assumes "X ∈ 𝒞" and "Y ∈ 𝒞"
  shows "X ⊆ Y ∨ Y ⊆ X"
proof (cases "∀Z∈𝒞. Z ⊆ Y ⟶ Z = Y ∨ suc Z ⊆ Y")
  case True
  with suc_Union_closed_total' [OF assms]
  have "X ⊆ Y ∨ suc Y ⊆ X" by blast
  with suc_subset [of Y] show ?thesis by blast
next
  case False
  then obtain Z where "Z ∈ 𝒞" and "Z ⊆ Y" and "Z ≠ Y" and "¬ suc Z ⊆ Y"
    by blast
  with suc_Union_closed_subsetD and ‹Y ∈ 𝒞› show ?thesis
    by blast
qed

text ‹Once we hit a fixed point w.r.t. \<^term>‹suc›, all other elements
  of \<^term>‹𝒞› are subsets of this fixed point.›
lemma suc_Union_closed_suc:
  assumes "X ∈ 𝒞" and "Y ∈ 𝒞" and "suc Y = Y"
  shows "X ⊆ Y"
  using ‹X ∈ 𝒞›
proof induct
  case (suc X)
  with ‹Y ∈ 𝒞› and suc_Union_closed_subsetD have "X = Y ∨ suc X ⊆ Y"
    by blast
  then show ?case
    by (auto simp: ‹suc Y = Y›)
next
  case Union
  then show ?case by blast
qed

lemma eq_suc_Union:
  assumes "X ∈ 𝒞"
  shows "suc X = X ⟷ X = ⋃𝒞"
    (is "?lhs ⟷ ?rhs")
proof
  assume ?lhs
  then have "⋃𝒞 ⊆ X"
    by (rule suc_Union_closed_suc [OF suc_Union_closed_Union ‹X ∈ 𝒞›])
  with ‹X ∈ 𝒞› show ?rhs
    by blast
next
  from ‹X ∈ 𝒞› have "suc X ∈ 𝒞" by (rule suc)
  then have "suc X ⊆ ⋃𝒞" by blast
  moreover assume ?rhs
  ultimately have "suc X ⊆ X" by simp
  moreover have "X ⊆ suc X" by (rule suc_subset)
  ultimately show ?lhs ..
qed

lemma suc_in_carrier:
  assumes "X ⊆ A"
  shows "suc X ⊆ A"
  using assms
  by (cases "¬ chain X ∨ maxchain X") (auto dest: chain_sucD)

lemma suc_Union_closed_in_carrier:
  assumes "X ∈ 𝒞"
  shows "X ⊆ A"
  using assms
  by induct (auto dest: suc_in_carrier)

text ‹All elements of \<^term>‹𝒞› are chains.›
lemma suc_Union_closed_chain:
  assumes "X ∈ 𝒞"
  shows "chain X"
  using assms
proof induct
  case (suc X)
  then show ?case
    using not_maxchain_Some by (simp add: suc_def)
next
  case (Union X)
  then have "⋃X ⊆ A"
    by (auto dest: suc_Union_closed_in_carrier)
  moreover have "∀x∈⋃X. ∀y∈⋃X. x ⊑ y ∨ y ⊑ x"
  proof (intro ballI)
    fix x y
    assume "x ∈ ⋃X" and "y ∈ ⋃X"
    then obtain u v where "x ∈ u" and "u ∈ X" and "y ∈ v" and "v ∈ X"
      by blast
    with Union have "u ∈ 𝒞" and "v ∈ 𝒞" and "chain u" and "chain v"
      by blast+
    with suc_Union_closed_total have "u ⊆ v ∨ v ⊆ u"
      by blast
    then show "x ⊑ y ∨ y ⊑ x"
    proof
      assume "u ⊆ v"
      from ‹chain v› show ?thesis
      proof (rule chain_total)
        show "y ∈ v" by fact
        show "x ∈ v" using ‹u ⊆ v› and ‹x ∈ u› by blast
      qed
    next
      assume "v ⊆ u"
      from ‹chain u› show ?thesis
      proof (rule chain_total)
        show "x ∈ u" by fact
        show "y ∈ u" using ‹v ⊆ u› and ‹y ∈ v› by blast
      qed
    qed
  qed
  ultimately show ?case unfolding chain_def ..
qed

subsubsection ‹Hausdorff's Maximum Principle›

text ‹There exists a maximal totally ordered subset of ‹A›. (Note that we do not
  require ‹A› to be partially ordered.)›

theorem Hausdorff: "∃C. maxchain C"
proof -
  let ?M = "⋃𝒞"
  have "maxchain ?M"
  proof (rule ccontr)
    assume "¬ ?thesis"
    then have "suc ?M ≠ ?M"
      using suc_not_equals and suc_Union_closed_chain [OF suc_Union_closed_Union] by simp
    moreover have "suc ?M = ?M"
      using eq_suc_Union [OF suc_Union_closed_Union] by simp
    ultimately show False by contradiction
  qed
  then show ?thesis by blast
qed

text ‹Make notation \<^term>‹𝒞› available again.›
no_notation suc_Union_closed  ("𝒞")

lemma chain_extend: "chain C ⟹ z ∈ A ⟹ ∀x∈C. x ⊑ z ⟹ chain ({z} ∪ C)"
  unfolding chain_def by blast

lemma maxchain_imp_chain: "maxchain C ⟹ chain C"
  by (simp add: maxchain_def)

end

text ‹Hide constant \<^const>‹pred_on.suc_Union_closed›, which was just needed
  for the proof of Hausforff's maximum principle.›
hide_const pred_on.suc_Union_closed

lemma chain_mono:
  assumes "⋀x y. x ∈ A ⟹ y ∈ A ⟹ P x y ⟹ Q x y"
    and "pred_on.chain A P C"
  shows "pred_on.chain A Q C"
  using assms unfolding pred_on.chain_def by blast


subsubsection ‹Results for the proper subset relation›

interpretation subset: pred_on "A" "(⊂)" for A .

lemma subset_maxchain_max:
  assumes "subset.maxchain A C"
    and "X ∈ A"
    and "⋃C ⊆ X"
  shows "⋃C = X"
proof (rule ccontr)
  let ?C = "{X} ∪ C"
  from ‹subset.maxchain A C› have "subset.chain A C"
    and *: "⋀S. subset.chain A S ⟹ ¬ C ⊂ S"
    by (auto simp: subset.maxchain_def)
  moreover have "∀x∈C. x ⊆ X" using ‹⋃C ⊆ X› by auto
  ultimately have "subset.chain A ?C"
    using subset.chain_extend [of A C X] and ‹X ∈ A› by auto
  moreover assume **: "⋃C ≠ X"
  moreover from ** have "C ⊂ ?C" using ‹⋃C ⊆ X› by auto
  ultimately show False using * by blast
qed

lemma subset_chain_def: "⋀𝒜. subset.chain 𝒜 𝒞 = (𝒞 ⊆ 𝒜 ∧ (∀X∈𝒞. ∀Y∈𝒞. X ⊆ Y ∨ Y ⊆ X))"
  by (auto simp: subset.chain_def)

lemma subset_chain_insert:
  "subset.chain 𝒜 (insert B ℬ) ⟷ B ∈ 𝒜 ∧ (∀X∈ℬ. X ⊆ B ∨ B ⊆ X) ∧ subset.chain 𝒜 ℬ"
  by (fastforce simp add: subset_chain_def)

subsubsection ‹Zorn's lemma›

text ‹If every chain has an upper bound, then there is a maximal set.›
theorem subset_Zorn:
  assumes "⋀C. subset.chain A C ⟹ ∃U∈A. ∀X∈C. X ⊆ U"
  shows "∃M∈A. ∀X∈A. M ⊆ X ⟶ X = M"
proof -
  from subset.Hausdorff [of A] obtain M where "subset.maxchain A M" ..
  then have "subset.chain A M"
    by (rule subset.maxchain_imp_chain)
  with assms obtain Y where "Y ∈ A" and "∀X∈M. X ⊆ Y"
    by blast
  moreover have "∀X∈A. Y ⊆ X ⟶ Y = X"
  proof (intro ballI impI)
    fix X
    assume "X ∈ A" and "Y ⊆ X"
    show "Y = X"
    proof (rule ccontr)
      assume "¬ ?thesis"
      with ‹Y ⊆ X› have "¬ X ⊆ Y" by blast
      from subset.chain_extend [OF ‹subset.chain A M› ‹X ∈ A›] and ‹∀X∈M. X ⊆ Y›
      have "subset.chain A ({X} ∪ M)"
        using ‹Y ⊆ X› by auto
      moreover have "M ⊂ {X} ∪ M"
        using ‹∀X∈M. X ⊆ Y› and ‹¬ X ⊆ Y› by auto
      ultimately show False
        using ‹subset.maxchain A M› by (auto simp: subset.maxchain_def)
    qed
  qed
  ultimately show ?thesis by blast
qed

text ‹Alternative version of Zorn's lemma for the subset relation.›
lemma subset_Zorn':
  assumes "⋀C. subset.chain A C ⟹ ⋃C ∈ A"
  shows "∃M∈A. ∀X∈A. M ⊆ X ⟶ X = M"
proof -
  from subset.Hausdorff [of A] obtain M where "subset.maxchain A M" ..
  then have "subset.chain A M"
    by (rule subset.maxchain_imp_chain)
  with assms have "⋃M ∈ A" .
  moreover have "∀Z∈A. ⋃M ⊆ Z ⟶ ⋃M = Z"
  proof (intro ballI impI)
    fix Z
    assume "Z ∈ A" and "⋃M ⊆ Z"
    with subset_maxchain_max [OF ‹subset.maxchain A M›]
      show "⋃M = Z" .
  qed
  ultimately show ?thesis by blast
qed


subsection ‹Zorn's Lemma for Partial Orders›

text ‹Relate old to new definitions.›

definition chain_subset :: "'a set set ⇒ bool"  ("chain⇩⊆")  (* Define globally? In Set.thy? *)
  where "chain⇩⊆ C ⟷ (∀A∈C. ∀B∈C. A ⊆ B ∨ B ⊆ A)"

definition chains :: "'a set set ⇒ 'a set set set"
  where "chains A = {C. C ⊆ A ∧ chain⇩⊆ C}"

definition Chains :: "('a × 'a) set ⇒ 'a set set"  (* Define globally? In Relation.thy? *)
  where "Chains r = {C. ∀a∈C. ∀b∈C. (a, b) ∈ r ∨ (b, a) ∈ r}"

lemma chains_extend: "c ∈ chains S ⟹ z ∈ S ⟹ ∀x ∈ c. x ⊆ z ⟹ {z} ∪ c ∈ chains S"
  for z :: "'a set"
  unfolding chains_def chain_subset_def by blast

lemma mono_Chains: "r ⊆ s ⟹ Chains r ⊆ Chains s"
  unfolding Chains_def by blast

lemma chain_subset_alt_def: "chain⇩⊆ C = subset.chain UNIV C"
  unfolding chain_subset_def subset.chain_def by fast

lemma chains_alt_def: "chains A = {C. subset.chain A C}"
  by (simp add: chains_def chain_subset_alt_def subset.chain_def)

lemma Chains_subset: "Chains r ⊆ {C. pred_on.chain UNIV (λx y. (x, y) ∈ r) C}"
  by (force simp add: Chains_def pred_on.chain_def)

lemma Chains_subset':
  assumes "refl r"
  shows "{C. pred_on.chain UNIV (λx y. (x, y) ∈ r) C} ⊆ Chains r"
  using assms
  by (auto simp add: Chains_def pred_on.chain_def refl_on_def)

lemma Chains_alt_def:
  assumes "refl r"
  shows "Chains r = {C. pred_on.chain UNIV (λx y. (x, y) ∈ r) C}"
  using assms Chains_subset Chains_subset' by blast

lemma Chains_relation_of:
  assumes "C ∈ Chains (relation_of P A)" shows "C ⊆ A"
  using assms unfolding Chains_def relation_of_def by auto

lemma pairwise_chain_Union:
  assumes P: "⋀S. S ∈ 𝒞 ⟹ pairwise R S" and "chain⇩⊆ 𝒞"
  shows "pairwise R (⋃𝒞)"
  using ‹chain⇩⊆ 𝒞› unfolding pairwise_def chain_subset_def
  by (blast intro: P [unfolded pairwise_def, rule_format])

lemma Zorn_Lemma: "∀C∈chains A. ⋃C ∈ A ⟹ ∃M∈A. ∀X∈A. M ⊆ X ⟶ X = M"
  using subset_Zorn' [of A] by (force simp: chains_alt_def)

lemma Zorn_Lemma2: "∀C∈chains A. ∃U∈A. ∀X∈C. X ⊆ U ⟹ ∃M∈A. ∀X∈A. M ⊆ X ⟶ X = M"
  using subset_Zorn [of A] by (auto simp: chains_alt_def)

subsection ‹Other variants of Zorn's Lemma›

lemma chainsD: "c ∈ chains S ⟹ x ∈ c ⟹ y ∈ c ⟹ x ⊆ y ∨ y ⊆ x"
  unfolding chains_def chain_subset_def by blast

lemma chainsD2: "c ∈ chains S ⟹ c ⊆ S"
  unfolding chains_def by blast

lemma Zorns_po_lemma:
  assumes po: "Partial_order r"
    and u: "⋀C. C ∈ Chains r ⟹ ∃u∈Field r. ∀a∈C. (a, u) ∈ r"
  shows "∃m∈Field r. ∀a∈Field r. (m, a) ∈ r ⟶ a = m"
proof -
  have "Preorder r"
    using po by (simp add: partial_order_on_def)
  txt ‹Mirror ‹r› in the set of subsets below (wrt ‹r›) elements of ‹A›.›
  let ?B = "λx. r¯ `` {x}"
  let ?S = "?B ` Field r"
  have "∃u∈Field r. ∀A∈C. A ⊆ r¯ `` {u}"  (is "∃u∈Field r. ?P u")
    if 1: "C ⊆ ?S" and 2: "∀A∈C. ∀B∈C. A ⊆ B ∨ B ⊆ A" for C
  proof -
    let ?A = "{x∈Field r. ∃M∈C. M = ?B x}"
    from 1 have "C = ?B ` ?A" by (auto simp: image_def)
    have "?A ∈ Chains r"
    proof (simp add: Chains_def, intro allI impI, elim conjE)
      fix a b
      assume "a ∈ Field r" and "?B a ∈ C" and "b ∈ Field r" and "?B b ∈ C"
      with 2 have "?B a ⊆ ?B b ∨ ?B b ⊆ ?B a" by auto
      then show "(a, b) ∈ r ∨ (b, a) ∈ r"
        using ‹Preorder r› and ‹a ∈ Field r› and ‹b ∈ Field r›
        by (simp add:subset_Image1_Image1_iff)
    qed
    then obtain u where uA: "u ∈ Field r" "∀a∈?A. (a, u) ∈ r"
      by (auto simp: dest: u)
    have "?P u"
    proof auto
      fix a B assume aB: "B ∈ C" "a ∈ B"
      with 1 obtain x where "x ∈ Field r" and "B = r¯ `` {x}" by auto
      then show "(a, u) ∈ r"
        using uA and aB and ‹Preorder r›
        unfolding preorder_on_def refl_on_def by simp (fast dest: transD)
    qed
    then show ?thesis
      using ‹u ∈ Field r› by blast
  qed
  then have "∀C∈chains ?S. ∃U∈?S. ∀A∈C. A ⊆ U"
    by (auto simp: chains_def chain_subset_def)
  from Zorn_Lemma2 [OF this] obtain m B
    where "m ∈ Field r"
      and "B = r¯ `` {m}"
      and "∀x∈Field r. B ⊆ r¯ `` {x} ⟶ r¯ `` {x} = B"
    by auto
  then have "∀a∈Field r. (m, a) ∈ r ⟶ a = m"
    using po and ‹Preorder r› and ‹m ∈ Field r›
    by (auto simp: subset_Image1_Image1_iff Partial_order_eq_Image1_Image1_iff)
  then show ?thesis
    using ‹m ∈ Field r› by blast
qed

lemma predicate_Zorn:
  assumes po: "partial_order_on A (relation_of P A)"
    and ch: "⋀C. C ∈ Chains (relation_of P A) ⟹ ∃u ∈ A. ∀a ∈ C. P a u"
  shows "∃m ∈ A. ∀a ∈ A. P m a ⟶ a = m"
proof -
  have "a ∈ A" if "C ∈ Chains (relation_of P A)" and "a ∈ C" for C a
    using that unfolding Chains_def relation_of_def by auto
  moreover have "(a, u) ∈ relation_of P A" if "a ∈ A" and "u ∈ A" and "P a u" for a u
    unfolding relation_of_def using that by auto
  ultimately have "∃m∈A. ∀a∈A. (m, a) ∈ relation_of P A ⟶ a = m"
    using Zorns_po_lemma[OF Partial_order_relation_ofI[OF po], rule_format] ch
    unfolding Field_relation_of[OF partial_order_onD(1)[OF po]] by blast
  then show ?thesis
    by (auto simp: relation_of_def)
qed

lemma Union_in_chain: "⟦finite ℬ; ℬ ≠ {}; subset.chain 𝒜 ℬ⟧ ⟹ ⋃ℬ ∈ ℬ"
proof (induction ℬ rule: finite_induct)
  case (insert B ℬ)
  show ?case
  proof (cases "ℬ = {}")
    case False
    then show ?thesis
      using insert sup.absorb2 by (auto simp: subset_chain_insert dest!: bspec [where x="⋃ℬ"])
  qed auto
qed simp

lemma Inter_in_chain: "⟦finite ℬ; ℬ ≠ {}; subset.chain 𝒜 ℬ⟧ ⟹ ⋂ℬ ∈ ℬ"
proof (induction ℬ rule: finite_induct)
  case (insert B ℬ)
  show ?case
  proof (cases "ℬ = {}")
    case False
    then show ?thesis
      using insert inf.absorb2 by (auto simp: subset_chain_insert dest!: bspec [where x="⋂ℬ"])
  qed auto
qed simp

lemma finite_subset_Union_chain:
  assumes "finite A" "A ⊆ ⋃ℬ" "ℬ ≠ {}" and sub: "subset.chain 𝒜 ℬ"
  obtains B where "B ∈ ℬ" "A ⊆ B"
proof -
  obtain ℱ where ℱ: "finite ℱ" "ℱ ⊆ ℬ" "A ⊆ ⋃ℱ"
    using assms by (auto intro: finite_subset_Union)
  show thesis
  proof (cases "ℱ = {}")
    case True
    then show ?thesis
      using ‹A ⊆ ⋃ℱ› ‹ℬ ≠ {}› that by fastforce
  next
    case False
    show ?thesis
    proof
      show "⋃ℱ ∈ ℬ"
        using sub ‹ℱ ⊆ ℬ› ‹finite ℱ›
        by (simp add: Union_in_chain False subset.chain_def subset_iff)
      show "A ⊆ ⋃ℱ"
        using ‹A ⊆ ⋃ℱ› by blast
    qed
  qed
qed

lemma subset_Zorn_nonempty:
  assumes "𝒜 ≠ {}" and ch: "⋀𝒞. ⟦𝒞≠{}; subset.chain 𝒜 𝒞⟧ ⟹ ⋃𝒞 ∈ 𝒜"
  shows "∃M∈𝒜. ∀X∈𝒜. M ⊆ X ⟶ X = M"
proof (rule subset_Zorn)
  show "∃U∈𝒜. ∀X∈𝒞. X ⊆ U" if "subset.chain 𝒜 𝒞" for 𝒞
  proof (cases "𝒞 = {}")
    case True
    then show ?thesis
      using ‹𝒜 ≠ {}› by blast
  next
    case False
    show ?thesis
      by (blast intro!: ch False that Union_upper)
  qed
qed

subsection ‹The Well Ordering Theorem›

(* The initial segment of a relation appears generally useful.
   Move to Relation.thy?
   Definition correct/most general?
   Naming?
*)
definition init_seg_of :: "(('a × 'a) set × ('a × 'a) set) set"
  where "init_seg_of = {(r, s). r ⊆ s ∧ (∀a b c. (a, b) ∈ s ∧ (b, c) ∈ r ⟶ (a, b) ∈ r)}"

abbreviation initial_segment_of_syntax :: "('a × 'a) set ⇒ ('a × 'a) set ⇒ bool"
    (infix "initial'_segment'_of" 55)
  where "r initial_segment_of s ≡ (r, s) ∈ init_seg_of"

lemma refl_on_init_seg_of [simp]: "r initial_segment_of r"
  by (simp add: init_seg_of_def)

lemma trans_init_seg_of:
  "r initial_segment_of s ⟹ s initial_segment_of t ⟹ r initial_segment_of t"
  by (simp (no_asm_use) add: init_seg_of_def) blast

lemma antisym_init_seg_of: "r initial_segment_of s ⟹ s initial_segment_of r ⟹ r = s"
  unfolding init_seg_of_def by safe

lemma Chains_init_seg_of_Union: "R ∈ Chains init_seg_of ⟹ r∈R ⟹ r initial_segment_of ⋃R"
  by (auto simp: init_seg_of_def Ball_def Chains_def) blast

lemma chain_subset_trans_Union:
  assumes "chain⇩⊆ R" "∀r∈R. trans r"
  shows "trans (⋃R)"
proof (intro transI, elim UnionE)
  fix S1 S2 :: "'a rel" and x y z :: 'a
  assume "S1 ∈ R" "S2 ∈ R"
  with assms(1) have "S1 ⊆ S2 ∨ S2 ⊆ S1"
    unfolding chain_subset_def by blast
  moreover assume "(x, y) ∈ S1" "(y, z) ∈ S2"
  ultimately have "((x, y) ∈ S1 ∧ (y, z) ∈ S1) ∨ ((x, y) ∈ S2 ∧ (y, z) ∈ S2)"
    by blast
  with ‹S1 ∈ R› ‹S2 ∈ R› assms(2) show "(x, z) ∈ ⋃R"
    by (auto elim: transE)
qed

lemma chain_subset_antisym_Union:
  assumes "chain⇩⊆ R" "∀r∈R. antisym r"
  shows "antisym (⋃R)"
proof (intro antisymI, elim UnionE)
  fix S1 S2 :: "'a rel" and x y :: 'a
  assume "S1 ∈ R" "S2 ∈ R"
  with assms(1) have "S1 ⊆ S2 ∨ S2 ⊆ S1"
    unfolding chain_subset_def by blast
  moreover assume "(x, y) ∈ S1" "(y, x) ∈ S2"
  ultimately have "((x, y) ∈ S1 ∧ (y, x) ∈ S1) ∨ ((x, y) ∈ S2 ∧ (y, x) ∈ S2)"
    by blast
  with ‹S1 ∈ R› ‹S2 ∈ R› assms(2) show "x = y"
    unfolding antisym_def by auto
qed

lemma chain_subset_Total_Union:
  assumes "chain⇩⊆ R" and "∀r∈R. Total r"
  shows "Total (⋃R)"
proof (simp add: total_on_def Ball_def, auto del: disjCI)
  fix r s a b
  assume A: "r ∈ R" "s ∈ R" "a ∈ Field r" "b ∈ Field s" "a ≠ b"
  from ‹chain⇩⊆ R› and ‹r ∈ R› and ‹s ∈ R› have "r ⊆ s ∨ s ⊆ r"
    by (auto simp add: chain_subset_def)
  then show "(∃r∈R. (a, b) ∈ r) ∨ (∃r∈R. (b, a) ∈ r)"
  proof
    assume "r ⊆ s"
    then have "(a, b) ∈ s ∨ (b, a) ∈ s"
      using assms(2) A mono_Field[of r s]
      by (auto simp add: total_on_def)
    then show ?thesis
      using ‹s ∈ R› by blast
  next
    assume "s ⊆ r"
    then have "(a, b) ∈ r ∨ (b, a) ∈ r"
      using assms(2) A mono_Field[of s r]
      by (fastforce simp add: total_on_def)
    then show ?thesis
      using ‹r ∈ R› by blast
  qed
qed

lemma wf_Union_wf_init_segs:
  assumes "R ∈ Chains init_seg_of"
    and "∀r∈R. wf r"
  shows "wf (⋃R)"
proof (simp add: wf_iff_no_infinite_down_chain, rule ccontr, auto)
  fix f
  assume 1: "∀i. ∃r∈R. (f (Suc i), f i) ∈ r"
  then obtain r where "r ∈ R" and "(f (Suc 0), f 0) ∈ r" by auto
  have "(f (Suc i), f i) ∈ r" for i
  proof (induct i)
    case 0
    show ?case by fact
  next
    case (Suc i)
    then obtain s where s: "s ∈ R" "(f (Suc (Suc i)), f(Suc i)) ∈ s"
      using 1 by auto
    then have "s initial_segment_of r ∨ r initial_segment_of s"
      using assms(1) ‹r ∈ R› by (simp add: Chains_def)
    with Suc s show ?case by (simp add: init_seg_of_def) blast
  qed
  then show False
    using assms(2) and ‹r ∈ R›
    by (simp add: wf_iff_no_infinite_down_chain) blast
qed

lemma initial_segment_of_Diff: "p initial_segment_of q ⟹ p - s initial_segment_of q - s"
  unfolding init_seg_of_def by blast

lemma Chains_inits_DiffI: "R ∈ Chains init_seg_of ⟹ {r - s |r. r ∈ R} ∈ Chains init_seg_of"
  unfolding Chains_def by (blast intro: initial_segment_of_Diff)

theorem well_ordering: "∃r::'a rel. Well_order r ∧ Field r = UNIV"
proof -
― ‹The initial segment relation on well-orders:›
  let ?WO = "{r::'a rel. Well_order r}"
  define I where "I = init_seg_of ∩ ?WO × ?WO"
  then have I_init: "I ⊆ init_seg_of" by simp
  then have subch: "⋀R. R ∈ Chains I ⟹ chain⇩⊆ R"
    unfolding init_seg_of_def chain_subset_def Chains_def by blast
  have Chains_wo: "⋀R r. R ∈ Chains I ⟹ r ∈ R ⟹ Well_order r"
    by (simp add: Chains_def I_def) blast
  have FI: "Field I = ?WO"
    by (auto simp add: I_def init_seg_of_def Field_def)
  then have 0: "Partial_order I"
    by (auto simp: partial_order_on_def preorder_on_def antisym_def antisym_init_seg_of refl_on_def
        trans_def I_def elim!: trans_init_seg_of)
― ‹‹I›-chains have upper bounds in ‹?WO› wrt ‹I›: their Union›
  have "⋃R ∈ ?WO ∧ (∀r∈R. (r, ⋃R) ∈ I)" if "R ∈ Chains I" for R
  proof -
    from that have Ris: "R ∈ Chains init_seg_of"
      using mono_Chains [OF I_init] by blast
    have subch: "chain⇩⊆ R"
      using ‹R ∈ Chains I› I_init by (auto simp: init_seg_of_def chain_subset_def Chains_def)
    have "∀r∈R. Refl r" and "∀r∈R. trans r" and "∀r∈R. antisym r"
      and "∀r∈R. Total r" and "∀r∈R. wf (r - Id)"
      using Chains_wo [OF ‹R ∈ Chains I›] by (simp_all add: order_on_defs)
    have "Refl (⋃R)"
      using ‹∀r∈R. Refl r› unfolding refl_on_def by fastforce
    moreover have "trans (⋃R)"
      by (rule chain_subset_trans_Union [OF subch ‹∀r∈R. trans r›])
    moreover have "antisym (⋃R)"
      by (rule chain_subset_antisym_Union [OF subch ‹∀r∈R. antisym r›])
    moreover have "Total (⋃R)"
      by (rule chain_subset_Total_Union [OF subch ‹∀r∈R. Total r›])
    moreover have "wf ((⋃R) - Id)"
    proof -
      have "(⋃R) - Id = ⋃{r - Id | r. r ∈ R}" by blast
      with ‹∀r∈R. wf (r - Id)› and wf_Union_wf_init_segs [OF Chains_inits_DiffI [OF Ris]]
      show ?thesis by fastforce
    qed
    ultimately have "Well_order (⋃R)"
      by (simp add:order_on_defs)
    moreover have "∀r ∈ R. r initial_segment_of ⋃R"
      using Ris by (simp add: Chains_init_seg_of_Union)
    ultimately show ?thesis
      using mono_Chains [OF I_init] Chains_wo[of R] and ‹R ∈ Chains I›
      unfolding I_def by blast
  qed
  then have 1: "∃u∈Field I. ∀r∈R. (r, u) ∈ I" if "R ∈ Chains I" for R
    using that by (subst FI) blast
― ‹Zorn's Lemma yields a maximal well-order ‹m›:›
  then obtain m :: "'a rel"
    where "Well_order m"
      and max: "∀r. Well_order r ∧ (m, r) ∈ I ⟶ r = m"
    using Zorns_po_lemma[OF 0 1] unfolding FI by fastforce
― ‹Now show by contradiction that ‹m› covers the whole type:›
  have False if "x ∉ Field m" for x :: 'a
  proof -
― ‹Assuming that ‹x› is not covered and extend ‹m› at the top with ‹x››
    have "m ≠ {}"
    proof
      assume "m = {}"
      moreover have "Well_order {(x, x)}"
        by (simp add: order_on_defs refl_on_def trans_def antisym_def total_on_def Field_def)
      ultimately show False using max
        by (auto simp: I_def init_seg_of_def simp del: Field_insert)
    qed
    then have "Field m ≠ {}" by (auto simp: Field_def)
    moreover have "wf (m - Id)"
      using ‹Well_order m› by (simp add: well_order_on_def)
― ‹The extension of ‹m› by ‹x›:›
    let ?s = "{(a, x) | a. a ∈ Field m}"
    let ?m = "insert (x, x) m ∪ ?s"
    have Fm: "Field ?m = insert x (Field m)"
      by (auto simp: Field_def)
    have "Refl m" and "trans m" and "antisym m" and "Total m" and "wf (m - Id)"
      using ‹Well_order m› by (simp_all add: order_on_defs)
― ‹We show that the extension is a well-order›
    have "Refl ?m"
      using ‹Refl m› Fm unfolding refl_on_def by blast
    moreover have "trans ?m" using ‹trans m› and ‹x ∉ Field m›
      unfolding trans_def Field_def by blast
    moreover have "antisym ?m"
      using ‹antisym m› and ‹x ∉ Field m› unfolding antisym_def Field_def by blast
    moreover have "Total ?m"
      using ‹Total m› and Fm by (auto simp: total_on_def)
    moreover have "wf (?m - Id)"
    proof -
      have "wf ?s"
        using ‹x ∉ Field m› by (auto simp: wf_eq_minimal Field_def Bex_def)
      then show ?thesis
        using ‹wf (m - Id)› and ‹x ∉ Field m› wf_subset [OF ‹wf ?s› Diff_subset]
        by (auto simp: Un_Diff Field_def intro: wf_Un)
    qed
    ultimately have "Well_order ?m"
      by (simp add: order_on_defs)
― ‹We show that the extension is above ‹m››
    moreover have "(m, ?m) ∈ I"
      using ‹Well_order ?m› and ‹Well_order m› and ‹x ∉ Field m›
      by (fastforce simp: I_def init_seg_of_def Field_def)
    ultimately
― ‹This contradicts maximality of ‹m›:›
    show False
      using max and ‹x ∉ Field m› unfolding Field_def by blast
  qed
  then have "Field m = UNIV" by auto
  with ‹Well_order m› show ?thesis by blast
qed

corollary well_order_on: "∃r::'a rel. well_order_on A r"
proof -
  obtain r :: "'a rel" where wo: "Well_order r" and univ: "Field r = UNIV"
    using well_ordering [where 'a = "'a"] by blast
  let ?r = "{(x, y). x ∈ A ∧ y ∈ A ∧ (x, y) ∈ r}"
  have 1: "Field ?r = A"
    using wo univ by (fastforce simp: Field_def order_on_defs refl_on_def)
  from ‹Well_order r› have "Refl r" "trans r" "antisym r" "Total r" "wf (r - Id)"
    by (simp_all add: order_on_defs)
  from ‹Refl r› have "Refl ?r"
    by (auto simp: refl_on_def 1 univ)
  moreover from ‹trans r› have "trans ?r"
    unfolding trans_def by blast
  moreover from ‹antisym r› have "antisym ?r"
    unfolding antisym_def by blast
  moreover from ‹Total r› have "Total ?r"
    by (simp add:total_on_def 1 univ)
  moreover have "wf (?r - Id)"
    by (rule wf_subset [OF ‹wf (r - Id)›]) blast
  ultimately have "Well_order ?r"
    by (simp add: order_on_defs)
  with 1 show ?thesis by auto
qed

lemma dependent_wf_choice:
  fixes P :: "('a ⇒ 'b) ⇒ 'a ⇒ 'b ⇒ bool"
  assumes "wf R"
    and adm: "⋀f g x r. (⋀z. (z, x) ∈ R ⟹ f z = g z) ⟹ P f x r = P g x r"
    and P: "⋀x f. (⋀y. (y, x) ∈ R ⟹ P f y (f y)) ⟹ ∃r. P f x r"
  shows "∃f. ∀x. P f x (f x)"
proof (intro exI allI)
  fix x
  define f where "f ≡ wfrec R (λf x. SOME r. P f x r)"
  from ‹wf R› show "P f x (f x)"
  proof (induct x)
    case (less x)
    show "P f x (f x)"
    proof (subst (2) wfrec_def_adm[OF f_def ‹wf R›])
      show "adm_wf R (λf x. SOME r. P f x r)"
        by (auto simp: adm_wf_def intro!: arg_cong[where f=Eps] adm)
      show "P f x (Eps (P f x))"
        using P by (rule someI_ex) fact
    qed
  qed
qed

lemma (in wellorder) dependent_wellorder_choice:
  assumes "⋀r f g x. (⋀y. y < x ⟹ f y = g y) ⟹ P f x r = P g x r"
    and P: "⋀x f. (⋀y. y < x ⟹ P f y (f y)) ⟹ ∃r. P f x r"
  shows "∃f. ∀x. P f x (f x)"
  using wf by (rule dependent_wf_choice) (auto intro!: assms)

end