Theory Guard

(*  Title:      HOL/Auth/Guard/Guard.thy
    Author:     Frederic Blanqui, University of Cambridge Computer Laboratory
    Copyright   2002  University of Cambridge
*)

section‹Protocol-Independent Confidentiality Theorem on Nonces›

theory Guard imports Analz Extensions begin

(******************************************************************************
messages where all the occurrences of Nonce n are
in a sub-message of the form Crypt (invKey K) X with K:Ks
******************************************************************************)

inductive_set
  guard :: "nat ⇒ key set ⇒ msg set"
  for n :: nat and Ks :: "key set"
where
  No_Nonce [intro]: "Nonce n ∉ parts {X} ⟹ X ∈ guard n Ks"
| Guard_Nonce [intro]: "invKey K ∈ Ks ⟹ Crypt K X ∈ guard n Ks"
| Crypt [intro]: "X ∈ guard n Ks ⟹ Crypt K X ∈ guard n Ks"
| Pair [intro]: "⟦X ∈ guard n Ks; Y ∈ guard n Ks⟧ ⟹ ⦃X,Y⦄ ∈ guard n Ks"

subsection‹basic facts about \<^term>‹guard››

lemma Key_is_guard [iff]: "Key K ∈ guard n Ks"
by auto

lemma Agent_is_guard [iff]: "Agent A ∈ guard n Ks"
by auto

lemma Number_is_guard [iff]: "Number r ∈ guard n Ks"
by auto

lemma Nonce_notin_guard: "X ∈ guard n Ks ⟹ X ≠ Nonce n"
by (erule guard.induct, auto)

lemma Nonce_notin_guard_iff [iff]: "Nonce n ∉ guard n Ks"
by (auto dest: Nonce_notin_guard)

lemma guard_has_Crypt [rule_format]: "X ∈ guard n Ks ⟹ Nonce n ∈ parts {X}
⟶ (∃K Y. Crypt K Y ∈ kparts {X} ∧ Nonce n ∈ parts {Y})"
by (erule guard.induct, auto)

lemma Nonce_notin_kparts_msg: "X ∈ guard n Ks ⟹ Nonce n ∉ kparts {X}"
by (erule guard.induct, auto)

lemma Nonce_in_kparts_imp_no_guard: "Nonce n ∈ kparts H
⟹ ∃X. X ∈ H ∧ X ∉ guard n Ks"
apply (drule in_kparts, clarify)
apply (rule_tac x=X in exI, clarify)
by (auto dest: Nonce_notin_kparts_msg)

lemma guard_kparts [rule_format]: "X ∈ guard n Ks ⟹
Y ∈ kparts {X} ⟶ Y ∈ guard n Ks"
by (erule guard.induct, auto)

lemma guard_Crypt: "⟦Crypt K Y ∈ guard n Ks; K ∉ invKey`Ks⟧ ⟹ Y ∈ guard n Ks"
  by (ind_cases "Crypt K Y ∈ guard n Ks") (auto intro!: image_eqI)

lemma guard_MPair [iff]: "(⦃X,Y⦄ ∈ guard n Ks) = (X ∈ guard n Ks ∧ Y ∈ guard n Ks)"
by (auto, (ind_cases "⦃X,Y⦄ ∈ guard n Ks", auto)+)

lemma guard_not_guard [rule_format]: "X ∈ guard n Ks ⟹
Crypt K Y ∈ kparts {X} ⟶ Nonce n ∈ kparts {Y} ⟶ Y ∉ guard n Ks"
by (erule guard.induct, auto dest: guard_kparts)

lemma guard_extand: "⟦X ∈ guard n Ks; Ks ⊆ Ks'⟧ ⟹ X ∈ guard n Ks'"
by (erule guard.induct, auto)

subsection‹guarded sets›

definition Guard :: "nat ⇒ key set ⇒ msg set ⇒ bool" where
"Guard n Ks H ≡ ∀X. X ∈ H ⟶ X ∈ guard n Ks"

subsection‹basic facts about \<^term>‹Guard››

lemma Guard_empty [iff]: "Guard n Ks {}"
by (simp add: Guard_def)

lemma notin_parts_Guard [intro]: "Nonce n ∉ parts G ⟹ Guard n Ks G"
apply (unfold Guard_def, clarify)
apply (subgoal_tac "Nonce n ∉ parts {X}")
by (auto dest: parts_sub)

lemma Nonce_notin_kparts [simplified]: "Guard n Ks H ⟹ Nonce n ∉ kparts H"
by (auto simp: Guard_def dest: in_kparts Nonce_notin_kparts_msg)

lemma Guard_must_decrypt: "⟦Guard n Ks H; Nonce n ∈ analz H⟧ ⟹
∃K Y. Crypt K Y ∈ kparts H ∧ Key (invKey K) ∈ kparts H"
apply (drule_tac P="λG. Nonce n ∈ G" in analz_pparts_kparts_substD, simp)
by (drule must_decrypt, auto dest: Nonce_notin_kparts)

lemma Guard_kparts [intro]: "Guard n Ks H ⟹ Guard n Ks (kparts H)"
by (auto simp: Guard_def dest: in_kparts guard_kparts)

lemma Guard_mono: "⟦Guard n Ks H; G <= H⟧ ⟹ Guard n Ks G"
by (auto simp: Guard_def)

lemma Guard_insert [iff]: "Guard n Ks (insert X H)
= (Guard n Ks H ∧ X ∈ guard n Ks)"
by (auto simp: Guard_def)

lemma Guard_Un [iff]: "Guard n Ks (G Un H) = (Guard n Ks G & Guard n Ks H)"
by (auto simp: Guard_def)

lemma Guard_synth [intro]: "Guard n Ks G ⟹ Guard n Ks (synth G)"
by (auto simp: Guard_def, erule synth.induct, auto)

lemma Guard_analz [intro]: "⟦Guard n Ks G; ∀K. K ∈ Ks ⟶ Key K ∉ analz G⟧
⟹ Guard n Ks (analz G)"
apply (auto simp: Guard_def)
apply (erule analz.induct, auto)
by (ind_cases "Crypt K Xa ∈ guard n Ks" for K Xa, auto)

lemma in_Guard [dest]: "⟦X ∈ G; Guard n Ks G⟧ ⟹ X ∈ guard n Ks"
by (auto simp: Guard_def)

lemma in_synth_Guard: "⟦X ∈ synth G; Guard n Ks G⟧ ⟹ X ∈ guard n Ks"
by (drule Guard_synth, auto)

lemma in_analz_Guard: "⟦X ∈ analz G; Guard n Ks G;
∀K. K ∈ Ks ⟶ Key K ∉ analz G⟧ ⟹ X ∈ guard n Ks"
by (drule Guard_analz, auto)

lemma Guard_keyset [simp]: "keyset G ⟹ Guard n Ks G"
by (auto simp: Guard_def)

lemma Guard_Un_keyset: "⟦Guard n Ks G; keyset H⟧ ⟹ Guard n Ks (G ∪ H)"
by auto

lemma in_Guard_kparts: "⟦X ∈ G; Guard n Ks G; Y ∈ kparts {X}⟧ ⟹ Y ∈ guard n Ks"
by blast

lemma in_Guard_kparts_neq: "⟦X ∈ G; Guard n Ks G; Nonce n' ∈ kparts {X}⟧
⟹ n ≠ n'"
by (blast dest: in_Guard_kparts)

lemma in_Guard_kparts_Crypt: "⟦X ∈ G; Guard n Ks G; is_MPair X;
Crypt K Y ∈ kparts {X}; Nonce n ∈ kparts {Y}⟧ ⟹ invKey K ∈ Ks"
apply (drule in_Guard, simp)
apply (frule guard_not_guard, simp+)
apply (drule guard_kparts, simp)
by (ind_cases "Crypt K Y ∈ guard n Ks", auto)

lemma Guard_extand: "⟦Guard n Ks G; Ks ⊆ Ks'⟧ ⟹ Guard n Ks' G"
by (auto simp: Guard_def dest: guard_extand)

lemma guard_invKey [rule_format]: "⟦X ∈ guard n Ks; Nonce n ∈ kparts {Y}⟧ ⟹
Crypt K Y ∈ kparts {X} ⟶ invKey K ∈ Ks"
by (erule guard.induct, auto)

lemma Crypt_guard_invKey [rule_format]: "⟦Crypt K Y ∈ guard n Ks;
Nonce n ∈ kparts {Y}⟧ ⟹ invKey K ∈ Ks"
by (auto dest: guard_invKey)

subsection‹set obtained by decrypting a message›

abbreviation (input)
  decrypt :: "msg set => key => msg => msg set" where
  "decrypt H K Y == insert Y (H - {Crypt K Y})"

lemma analz_decrypt: "⟦Crypt K Y ∈ H; Key (invKey K) ∈ H; Nonce n ∈ analz H⟧
⟹ Nonce n ∈ analz (decrypt H K Y)"
apply (drule_tac P="λH. Nonce n ∈ analz H" in ssubst [OF insert_Diff])
apply assumption
apply (simp only: analz_Crypt_if, simp)
done

lemma parts_decrypt: "⟦Crypt K Y ∈ H; X ∈ parts (decrypt H K Y)⟧ ⟹ X ∈ parts H"
by (erule parts.induct, auto intro: parts.Fst parts.Snd parts.Body)

subsection‹number of Crypt's in a message›

fun crypt_nb :: "msg => nat"
where
  "crypt_nb (Crypt K X) = Suc (crypt_nb X)"
| "crypt_nb ⦃X,Y⦄ = crypt_nb X + crypt_nb Y"
| "crypt_nb X = 0" (* otherwise *)

subsection‹basic facts about \<^term>‹crypt_nb››

lemma non_empty_crypt_msg: "Crypt K Y ∈ parts {X} ⟹ crypt_nb X ≠ 0"
by (induct X, simp_all, safe, simp_all)

subsection‹number of Crypt's in a message list›

primrec cnb :: "msg list => nat"
where
  "cnb [] = 0"
| "cnb (X#l) = crypt_nb X + cnb l"

subsection‹basic facts about \<^term>‹cnb››

lemma cnb_app [simp]: "cnb (l @ l') = cnb l + cnb l'"
by (induct l, auto)

lemma mem_cnb_minus: "x ∈ set l ⟹ cnb l = crypt_nb x + (cnb l - crypt_nb x)"
  by (induct l) auto

lemmas mem_cnb_minus_substI = mem_cnb_minus [THEN ssubst]

lemma cnb_minus [simp]: "x ∈ set l ⟹ cnb (remove l x) = cnb l - crypt_nb x"
apply (induct l, auto)
apply (erule_tac l=l and x=x in mem_cnb_minus_substI)
apply simp
done

lemma parts_cnb: "Z ∈ parts (set l) ⟹
cnb l = (cnb l - crypt_nb Z) + crypt_nb Z"
by (erule parts.induct, auto simp: in_set_conv_decomp)

lemma non_empty_crypt: "Crypt K Y ∈ parts (set l) ⟹ cnb l ≠ 0"
by (induct l, auto dest: non_empty_crypt_msg parts_insert_substD)

subsection‹list of kparts›

lemma kparts_msg_set: "∃l. kparts {X} = set l ∧ cnb l = crypt_nb X"
apply (induct X, simp_all)
apply (rename_tac agent, rule_tac x="[Agent agent]" in exI, simp)
apply (rename_tac nat, rule_tac x="[Number nat]" in exI, simp)
apply (rename_tac nat, rule_tac x="[Nonce nat]" in exI, simp)
apply (rename_tac nat, rule_tac x="[Key nat]" in exI, simp)
apply (rename_tac X, rule_tac x="[Hash X]" in exI, simp)
apply (clarify, rule_tac x="l@la" in exI, simp)
by (clarify, rename_tac nat X y, rule_tac x="[Crypt nat X]" in exI, simp)

lemma kparts_set: "∃l'. kparts (set l) = set l' ∧ cnb l' = cnb l"
apply (induct l)
apply (rule_tac x="[]" in exI, simp, clarsimp)
apply (rename_tac a b l')
apply (subgoal_tac "∃l''.  kparts {a} = set l'' ∧ cnb l'' = crypt_nb a", clarify)
apply (rule_tac x="l''@l'" in exI, simp)
apply (rule kparts_insert_substI, simp)
by (rule kparts_msg_set)

subsection‹list corresponding to "decrypt"›

definition decrypt' :: "msg list => key => msg => msg list" where
"decrypt' l K Y == Y # remove l (Crypt K Y)"

declare decrypt'_def [simp]

subsection‹basic facts about \<^term>‹decrypt'››

lemma decrypt_minus: "decrypt (set l) K Y <= set (decrypt' l K Y)"
by (induct l, auto)

subsection‹if the analyse of a finite guarded set gives n then it must also gives
one of the keys of Ks›

lemma Guard_invKey_by_list [rule_format]: "∀l. cnb l = p
⟶ Guard n Ks (set l) ⟶ Nonce n ∈ analz (set l)
⟶ (∃K. K ∈ Ks ∧ Key K ∈ analz (set l))"
apply (induct p)
(* case p=0 *)
apply (clarify, drule Guard_must_decrypt, simp, clarify)
apply (drule kparts_parts, drule non_empty_crypt, simp)
(* case p>0 *)
apply (clarify, frule Guard_must_decrypt, simp, clarify)
apply (drule_tac P="λG. Nonce n ∈ G" in analz_pparts_kparts_substD, simp)
apply (frule analz_decrypt, simp_all)
apply (subgoal_tac "∃l'. kparts (set l) = set l' ∧ cnb l' = cnb l", clarsimp)
apply (drule_tac G="insert Y (set l' - {Crypt K Y})"
and H="set (decrypt' l' K Y)" in analz_sub, rule decrypt_minus)
apply (rule_tac analz_pparts_kparts_substI, simp)
apply (case_tac "K ∈ invKey`Ks")
(* K:invKey`Ks *)
apply (clarsimp, blast)
(* K ~:invKey`Ks *)
apply (subgoal_tac "Guard n Ks (set (decrypt' l' K Y))")
apply (drule_tac x="decrypt' l' K Y" in spec, simp)
apply (subgoal_tac "Crypt K Y ∈ parts (set l)")
apply (drule parts_cnb, rotate_tac -1, simp)
apply (clarify, drule_tac X="Key Ka" and H="insert Y (set l')" in analz_sub)
apply (rule insert_mono, rule set_remove)
apply (simp add: analz_insertD, blast)
(* Crypt K Y:parts (set l) *)
apply (blast dest: kparts_parts)
(* Guard n Ks (set (decrypt' l' K Y)) *)
apply (rule_tac H="insert Y (set l')" in Guard_mono)
apply (subgoal_tac "Guard n Ks (set l')", simp)
apply (rule_tac K=K in guard_Crypt, simp add: Guard_def, simp)
apply (drule_tac t="set l'" in sym, simp)
apply (rule Guard_kparts, simp, simp)
apply (rule_tac B="set l'" in subset_trans, rule set_remove, blast)
by (rule kparts_set)

lemma Guard_invKey_finite: "⟦Nonce n ∈ analz G; Guard n Ks G; finite G⟧
⟹ ∃K. K ∈ Ks ∧ Key K ∈ analz G"
apply (drule finite_list, clarify)
by (rule Guard_invKey_by_list, auto)

lemma Guard_invKey: "⟦Nonce n ∈ analz G; Guard n Ks G⟧
⟹ ∃K. K ∈ Ks ∧ Key K ∈ analz G"
by (auto dest: analz_needs_only_finite Guard_invKey_finite)

subsection‹if the analyse of a finite guarded set and a (possibly infinite) set of keys
gives n then it must also gives Ks›

lemma Guard_invKey_keyset: "⟦Nonce n ∈ analz (G ∪ H); Guard n Ks G; finite G;
keyset H⟧ ⟹ ∃K. K ∈ Ks ∧ Key K ∈ analz (G ∪ H)"
apply (frule_tac P="λG. Nonce n ∈ G" and G=G in analz_keyset_substD, simp_all)
apply (drule_tac G="G Un (H Int keysfor G)" in Guard_invKey_finite)
by (auto simp: Guard_def intro: analz_sub)

end